Should Australia Introduce Any Tax Or GST Changes Essays

Should Australia introduce any tax or GST changes? Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Should Australia introduce any tax or GST changes? Why do we need taxes? Taxation makes up majority of our government's income. With this income the government can provide us with proper infrastructure and social services for little, if no cost at all. These include Medicare, social security and education. (These facilities are known as recurrent expenditures because it is needed time after time.) Other expenditures include transportation, lighting, recreation etc. These services are granted to us at no costs. In many 3rd world countries where taxation is low or doesn't exist, all of these services are to come out of one's own pocket. Over the many centuries, in which taxation was existent, people have cheated and avoided paying these taxes. Nowadays people with high-income put their money into trusts, superannuation, or incorporate it into businesses. Businesses would try and receive more cash transactions. This has led to a decrease in our government's revenues, thus leading to a tax reform in hope of a more effective result. What makes a good tax system? There are four elements in a successful tax system. They are effectiveness, efficiency, equitability, and simplicity. 1) Effectiveness: is the performance compared to the desired effect. E.g. the number of people who pays tax, how much tax is received. 2) Efficiency: is the cost of running the system. The system may be very effective with a million tax officers, but it would cost millions to hire so many people. 3) Equitability: is the fairness of the system. This is an impossible goal to achieve. From different people's point of views, the system will always be unfair to them in some way. Not to mention the tax cheats. The best solution is to broaden the number of people who pay the tax, which is only fair. 4) Simplicity: A tax system should never be too complexed, it is otherwise not efficient neither understandable. The income tax Act that just started off at just 120 pages in 1936 is now over 3300 pages and has doubled in size over the last 7 years. A complex system means that those who can afford expensive tax advice minimize their tax. But those that can't, pay the full share. It is impossible to have a system where all four elements are satisfactory. Where a system may be effective and efficient it will not be equitable or simple. It is impossible to fit the whole population all under one roof. Under these circumstances the government proposed a new way of taxation- GST. What is GST? GST is a tax on the goods and services that each and everyday households consume. Tax is collected at each stage of production and distribution, but a credit is given for the GST on inputs. Refunds are given for GST on exports. Therefore, only households bear this tax. Australia currently has a WST in place of a GST. WST is whole sales tax this tax is levied on the whole sale price and is collected by wholesalers. A GST is in fact a VAT-value added tax. Meaning it is levied at each stage of production and distribution. Over one hundred countries in the world have a GST/VAT, but only six nations including Australia have a WST. The advantages and disadvantages of a GST It is hard to say whether the GST is favorable or adverse because the government hasn't yet proposed the whole system, the exemptions and the exact figures of taxation. The following is only speculation by the many supporters and those who disapprove. ADVANTAGES 1) Lower taxes means business can buy and sell more competitively overseas. 2) The higher cost of prices will slow down inflation. 3) At each level of production and sale, except sale to a consumer, a rebate is claimable. The paperwork for these claims helps to enforce compliance. This would also stop tax evasion. 4) It will hit the black economy because the money earned will be used for consumption. 5) Replace existing distortional indirect taxes 6) Prices on some good and services will fall instead of rising. E.g. petrol 7) Less income tax gives people more incentive to work. 8) The reduction in many taxes that were of a heavy burden to businesses will be abolished thus giving the businesses more power to employ extra workers. These taxes include the WST and many other excise duties such as the taxes on many house hold goods. 10) The GST will be able to with stand tomorrow's many challenges which the current system will not be able to handle. E.g. an aging population. 11) Current indirect taxes are levied on

Archaic Period - Ancient American Hunter-Gatherers

Archaic Period - Ancient American Hunter-Gatherers The Archaic period is the name given to generalized hunter-gatherer societies in the American continents from approximately 8,000 to 2000 years BC. Archaic lifestyles includes a dependence on elk, deer, and bison depending on where the site is, and a wide range of plant materials. In coastal areas, shellfish and marine mammals were important food sources, and fish weirs were an important technological advance. Archaic Advances Important advances of the later Archaic period include earthworks at sites such as Poverty Point and Watson Brake (both in Louisiana), and the first pottery in the Americas, a fiber-tempered ware named after Stallings Island South Carolina were an important invention. During the Altithermal, Archaic peoples dug wells to stay alive in the high plains of west Texas and eastern New Mexico. The Archaic period people are also responsible for the domestication of such important New World plants as bottle gourd, maize and cassava, the use of which plants would flourish in later periods. Regional Archaic The term Archaic is quite broad, and covers an enormous area of North and South America. As a result, several regional archaic groups have been recognized. Regional Archaic Traditions: Plains Archaic, Oshara Tradition, Maritime Archaic, Shield Archaic, Ortoiroid, Piedmont Tradition, Pinto Culture, San Dieguito, Orange Culture, Mount Albion See Guide to the Mesolithic for information about the roughly parallel period in the Old World.

Steps to Writing a Grant Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Steps to Writing a Grant Proposal - Assignment Example Part of the short-range objectives is to upgrade the existing training facilities of PEACE as well as improve the knowledge and skills of its professional trainers with regards to managing traumatic situations the victims and families of the victims are currently going through whereas the long-term objective is to expand the existing infrastructure of PEACE in order to support the increasing number of victims who will be needing the social support of the said organization. To improve the quality of PEACE’s social services, a budget of one million US dollars (US$1,000,000.00) is needed wherein one-eighth (1/8) of the total expected grant will be used to financially support the further education and trainings of its professional trainers and upgrade the existing training facilities such as the improvements in training area and the purchase of new computers, projectors, and LCDs. The remaining three-eighth (3/8) of the total grant will be used in expanding the existing infrastructure of PEACE. Over the past five years, the city of Portland is experiencing an increase in domestic and youth violence, spousal and child abuse, assault, and incidents of road rage. To provide assistance to the victims of violence, the mission of PEACE Domestic Violence Agency is to reduce victim trauma, empower survivors, and promote recovery to the victims of sexual assault and domestic violence. Social problems related to domestic violence can be solved by increasing the number of available service provision, education, and social awareness. By extending free educational training services, wellness support group, and shelter to the victims of domestic violence, PEACE will not only be able to promote the well-being of young men, women, and children whose lives have been affected by domestic violence but also improve the quality of life of families whose member or members are in prison. Educating the public on how to handle and protect themselves from becoming a victim

Abuse of prescription of narcotics in primary care and its prevention Dissertation

Abuse of prescription of narcotics in primary care and its prevention - Dissertation Example Journal Issue, Pages: Journal of General Internal Medicine Vol. 21 No. 6 Pages 652-655. Year published Years data collected: Published in 2006. Purpose: To determine in community health care environments the level of satisfaction with regard to training received on current practices in the management of pain among the care providers. Methodology, Variables Design, Sample, Instruments: Qualitative study. Variables Design: Issues involving reaching optimal control of pain in patients and approaches that would assist in improving prescribing of opioids in managing chronic pain. Sample: 67 attending physicians, 19 nurse practitioners, 3 physician assistants, and 22 family practice residents, making a total of 111 participants from 178 selected. Instruments: Survey questionnaire relating to satisfaction with training and care delivery with regards to chronic pain, issues concerning chronic pain management, possibility of prescribing opioids, and estimation of the probability of psycho-soc ial co-morbidities Findings: From a wide perspective there was low satisfaction among primary care providers in satisfaction of the treatment of chronic pain. For most of the attending physicians the training received in chronic pain treatment during their medical education and residency training was insufficient. For most of the care providers the major barriers to optimal pain treatment were patient self-management, patient, psychological factors, and patient compliance. There was a low rate of willingness to prescribe opioids, with the factor of the patients selling the opioids being the main barrier. Moe frequent visits raised the likelihood of willingness to prescribe opioids. Comments, Implications, Limitations: Primary care providers hold the view that the patients are the biggest barrier to optimal chronic care in primary care settings. Implications: The findings of the study suggest that education and training of primary care providers in chronic pain treatment should have a greater focus on patient oriented approaches in the management of chronic pain, and how to deal with substance abuse and addiction. Strengths: Survey questionnaire grounded in earlier studies, with assistance from a group consisting of primary care providers, researchers, and a pain specialist. Limitation: Small sample size limits the generalization of the findings of the study. Theme – 1: Lack of education of primary care providers about pain management. Unique Identifier: Sullivan 2 Authors: Sullivan, M. D., Edlund, M. J., Zhang, L., Unutzer, J. & Wells, K. B. Title: Association Between Mental Health Disorders, Problem Drug Use, and Regular Prescription Opioid Use. Journal Issue, Pages: Archives of Internal Medicine Vol. 166 Pages 2087-2093. Year published Years data collected: Published in 2006. 1998 and 2001. Purpose: To investigate whether mental disorders enhance the risk of opioid use or whether opioid enhances the risk for mental disorders from a large cross section of the population. Methodology, Variables Design, Sample, Instruments: Cross-sectional Qualitative study. Variables: Dependent Variables – Regular prescription opioid use. Independent Variables – Mental health and problem drug use. Sample: 6439 individuals matching the inclusion criteria from the 1998 and 2001 waves of the population-base survey Health-care for Communities (HCC). Instruments: Data from the 1998 and 2001 waves of the population-base survey Health-care for Communities (HCC). Findings: Patients on regular prescription opioids had the higher risk probability by two to three times to seek mental health assistance. Continued use of opioids by patients from 1998-2001 was associated with a higher risk for common mental

Illinois v. Wardlow 528 U.S.119 (Case law) Research Paper

Illinois v. Wardlow 528 U.S.119 (Case law) - Research Paper Example They found a handgun from him and later o arrest him for further enquiry. When the case was presented in the Illinois Trial court, Wardlaw’s motion in that area was denied to suppress by the court and they also gave the judgment as the gun was found during a legal stop and search operation. But state Appellate Court reverse the decision stating that there was not enough evidence of doubt for Nolan to stop and search Wardlaw. Latter on Supreme Court stated the fact that sudden movement or flight in a high crime zone could not be a reason to suspect and stop-search an individual as the movement can be treated like â€Å"right to go on one’s way†. But as the suspect tried to flight from the place therefore the further investigation can be carry on. (Legal Information Institute, 2000). The Fourth Amendment of US law did support the action of the police office. According to Ferguson & Bernache (2008), under the guidelines of the Supreme Court, lower court while giving any decision can consider an area as high crime area as a factor to review the reasonableness of Fourth Amendment stop. But the definition of high crime area was not mentioned by the highest court, and therefore a lot of controversies were there during Illinois v Wardlaw case. After this incident, the need of defining high crime area was understood. According to them, high crime area could be defined based on three different parameters, such as: the area have to be marked by high degree of particularized criminal activities, the geographical boundary of that area have to be specified and thirdly the assigned police officer adjacent to that specific area should have knowledge about the boundary of the high crime area (Ferguson & Bernach, 2008, p.1586). According to Amar (1994), the Fourth amendment always calls for warrants and probable cause for any kind of police searches and exclusion of vehicle obtained illegally from any individual or group of people† (Amar, 1994, p.757). Carmen and Walker(2011), in their writing presented this case with analysis as how the fourth amendment was imposed on Wardlaw by the two police officer and whether it was justifiable or not. According to the

Agile Methodology With Scrum Model For Software Information Technology Essay

Agile Methodology With Scrum Model For Software Information Technology Essay Agile methods may produce software faster but also need to know how they meet quality requirements. This research focuses to make the base of question can agile methods ensure quality even though they develop software faster and can handle unstable requirements?. To show how agile methods achieve software quality, compare the scrum model with agile processes. Present a detailed scrum model showing its software quality support processes. Then show the quality practices that agile methods have integrated into their processes. Finally it is the comparison of agile methodology with scrum model in the environment of Pakistan software industry and proposed the best efficient model in the distributed software environment Introduction: Main idea of this research is to identify the challenges and issues of an agile adoption in an organization and formulate ways to grab with those issues. And also propose a solution for agile scrum limitation Limited support for Distributed Environment [1]. Main Issue in distributed environment is Communication, I am proposing a several ways how we minimize communication barrier in distributed environment. And ensure that agility with scrum model is possible in Distributed Environment. Scrumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is a framework within which you can employ various processes and techniquesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦within which complex products can be developed [2]. Scrum Principles includes Time-boxes ,Cross-functional teams ,Open communications Within team With stakeholders ,Priorities set by Product Owner, Demonstrable results, Responsive to change[3]. Benefits of Scrum Targets Product Owners functions-of-value focus on team communications, frequent and ready access to knowledge, co-location improves communications, frequent demonstrations for early feedback from stakeholders, sense of accomplishment, quality of product. Scrum is a knowledge creating process with a high level of information sharing during the whole cycle and work progress. Its application also generates a strong culture with well-defined roles and relationships[4]. The key to scrum is planing the date of completion for production or release, prioritizing functionalities, Identifying available resources, decision about the architecture. Scrum offers a collection of empirical techniques that assume existence of uncertainties but provide practical and specific techniques to tame Iterative, Incremental and Adaptive Software Development Model. In scrum Project work is identified dynamically and prioritized according to the customers needs and what the team can do. Existing System: In every agile process development methodology there are some limitations with respect to nature of work. Some issues are highlighted in [5] for distributed area, sub contraction, developing large and complex systems, Safety-Critical system development etc.Existing software methodology has many issues in distributed environment. Now a days software development is doing by outsourcing the projects because in advanced countries cost factor is very important but the most important constraint is the communication gap between the owner and developer. To resolve this gap and to enhance the autonomy in distributed environment under the umbrella of agile methodology scrum model is implemented for dynamic development model Drawbacks with existing system Existing system (agile process development methodology) has many issues for for user and developer aspects. Disadvantages with agile: Active user involvement and close collaboration Requirements emerge and evolve Agile requirements are barely sufficient. Incremental approach to development and frequent delivery of product. Testing is integrated throughout the lifecycle. Frequent delivery of product Finally, common feedback is that agile development is rather intense for developers. The need to really complete each feature 100% within each iteration, and the relentlessness of iterations, can be mentally quite tiring so its important to find a sustainable pace for the team [6]. Objective: Numerous works has been done to cover all aspects of Scrum Development methodology but still there are open research areas which need to be covered. In every agile process development methodology there are some limitations with respect to nature of work [7]. Some issues are highlighted in [7] and for distributed area, sub contraction, developing large and complex systems etc, but still there are open areas where no significant research work has been done. Ensure that agile method with Scrum Model can ensure quality even though they develop software faster and can handle unstable requirements. PROPOSED SOLUTION: My Objective of this research is to minimize the issues and challenges of an agile adoption in an organization with collaboration of Scrum Model. So organization can successfully adopt and integrate agile with scrum into their enterprises for greater responsiveness to changing market demands and conditions. Ensure that agile method with Scrum Model can ensure quality even though they develop software faster and can handle unstable requirements. OBJECTIVES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM: The new methodologies should be developed and then it will be implemented in the different software industry with techniques and the results will be compared. New software size estimation methods should be developed. These methods will help in software cost estimation by using the different estimation techniques. These new methods will be better in software cost estimating, particularly for in the environment of Pakistan. There should be easier methods for Software development in the Agile with Scrum Model. It is comparison of old and new technologies. In the environment of Pakistan these approaches will be valid for software cost estimation. FUTURE WORK: Developing the new methodologies for software creation is an emerging trend in the environment of Pakistan. The approaches for software size, code, space and time estimation will be applied on the different software estimation techniques. Basically, the methodology proposes an integrated usage of available all these estimation techniques in different phases of the development life cycle. Application of the methodology in developing software by SD approach is also discussed. As a next step, the methodology should be experimented in various projects and thus will be enhanced. Some applications are also needed for applying the methodology to other software development approaches such as object-oriented development, Jackson System Development Programming (JSD JSP) etc. Also, the tool needs to be ported to UNIX environment. Review of Literature: Artem Marchenko, Pekka Abrahamsson (2008): The authors carried out an ethnographically informed longitudinal case study in industrial settings and closely followed how the Scrum method was adopted in a 20-person department, working in a simultaneous multi-project RD environment. Altogether 10 challenges pertinent to the case of multi-team multi-project Scrum adoption were identified in the study. The authors contend that these results carry great relevance for other industrial teams. Steve Berczuk (2007): Stated main reason that it is difficult to do work in agile with distributed teams is that distribution can reduce communication bandwidth. Co-located teams that dont communicate well can also fail with agile methods. But the rules of agile methods serve to increase communication and feedback. Any team is best served by following the rules of the agile method with as few adjustments as possible. Distribution increases the damage that non-compliance can cause. If the team feels like it owns the process and the tools it is more likely to be able to overcome obstacles and be successfull. Andrew Begel, Nachiappan Nagappan (2006): This paper report on the results of an empirical study conducted at Microsoft to learn about Agile development and its perception by people in development, testing, and management. They found that one-third of the study respondents use Agile methodologies to varying degrees, and most view it favorably due to improved communication between team members, quick releases and the increased flexibility of Agile designs. Barry Boehm, Richard Turner (2005): Their discussions with traditional developers and managers concerning agile software development practices nearly always contain two somewhat contradictory ideas. They find that on small, stand-alone projects, agile practices are less burdensome and more in tune with the software industrys increasing needs for rapid development and coping with continuous change. Wilton, P. and J. W. Colby(2005). Stated that most database management systems these days are relational with implementing agile methodology, termed relational database management system . These systems make storing data and returning results easier and more efficient. They allow different questions to be posed of the database even questions the original designer of the database didnt expect to be asked. Outi Salo (2004): Empirical results are reported from two XP (Extreme Programming) projects where the project teams conducted post-iteration workshops after all process iterations in order to improve and optimize working methods. Andreas Kornstadt and Joachim Sauer (2002) It includes discussion of the diary-driven development lightweight approach to documentation and providing a technique of introspection to help peer-review yourself. The experience reported on also covers what happens when you try to take these techniques successfully applied by an individual and scale them up for adoption by a typical small team. Adding relevance to a non-technical management audience, the presentation looks at these practices from a risk-mitigation viewpoint. It will help validate them as worthwhile for solo developers and debunk the idea that software engineering is only for big teams. Highsmiths J.A.(2000): The research project described in their report is three-pronged effort to investigate the issues associated with Scrum adoption. First, the practices that characterize the Scrum agile method will be stated, along with common variants. Second, projects that have adopted, or are in the process of adopting, Scrum will be surveyed to identify which Scrum practices, or variants thereoff, they have implemented and the perceived value of the method. Third, factors affecting Scrum adoption will be investigated. The objective of this research is to better understand the barriers to adoption and the leverage points that might encourage Scrum to be more widely and efficiently deployed. Boehm. B(2000) l: The paper proposes the component paradigm as a way to bridge the gap between model-driven and agile development. Service-based component concepts applied at the level of modeling, architectural design and development can ensure and strengthen agile development principles and practices. Components provide a way of building simple and flexible software architecture that can easily scale in size and level of details in order to overcome certain limitations of agile development processes. Material Methods This research is an empirical study .The existing published literature and research material, relevant to the Agile and scrum model are the first treasure of knowledge for this research study and provide the baseline to execute the research in proper direction. Online digital libraries and databases e.g. ACM, Springer link, IEEE etc, are the main source of information. Due to the fact that this is relatively a new research domain with insufficient academic research contribution I will also approach the online articles, success stories, case studies and personal experiences, shared by Agile practitioner, through the search engines. I will approach the agile practitioners who have experienced the Agile methodologies in distributed/Offshore environment[10]. And various research groups e.g. Google groups, Yahoo groups etc, relevant to the research topic, for getting the research input. I will also survey different organizations, especially in Pakistan, for getting the multiple responses, close ended and open ended questionnaires will be published to capture the views of IT professionals.. After approaching the wider group of Agile practitioners to get the general view point. In order to become more focused, I identify the group which are very specific and practically working in the particular development environment (Distributed agile)[8]. Structured and semi structured interview will be another tool to refine the respondent findings. The results will be formulated for this empirical study on the basis of theoretical frame work (literature review) and empirical study (survey and interviews with practitioners) The key to scrum is planning the date of completion for production or release, prioritizing functionalities, Identifying available resources, decision about the architecture. Scrum offers a collection of empirical techniques that assume existence of uncertainties but provide practical and specific techniques to tame Iterative [9], Incremental and Adaptive Software Development Model. In scrum Project work is identified dynamically and prioritized according to the customers needs and what the team can do. My Objective of this research is to minimize the issues and challenges of an agile adoption in an organization with collaboration of Scrum Model. So organization can successfully adopt and integrate agile with scrum into their enterprises for greater responsiveness to changing market demands and conditions. Ensure that agile method with Scrum Model can ensure quality even though they develop software faster and can handle unstable requirements.

Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver Essay -- Papers Popular Mechanics

Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver Works Cited Not Included Typically a story begins with an exposition, which introduces the characters, setting and plot. In the short story ?Popular Mechanics? by Raymond Carver, the exposition is excluded. The story begins with a short rise in action, moves quickly to the climax and totally omits the resolution. Carver uses third person objective narration to reveal the actions and the dialogue between a man and a woman. The narrator gives very little descriptive details, never revealing the characters? thoughts or their motivation. This allows the reader the freedom to interpret and develop their own opinions of the setting, plot, and characters of the story. This also stimulates the reader to be an active reader?to think about what is read, to ask questions, and to respond to the authors? style of writing. Firstly, the narrator gives little detail throughout the whole story. The greatest amount of detail is given in the first paragraph where the narrator describes the weather. This description sets the tone and mood of the events that follow. Giving the impression that a cold, wet, miserable evening was in the making. ?But it was getting dark on the inside too? (265), this foreshadowing reveals that not only was the day coming to an end, but something else was about to end. Carver leaves further development of the setting to the imagination of the reader. It could take place in any century or in any city, state, or country. There have been male-female relationships since the beginning of time, in every corner of the world. The story is universal and timeless. This lack of detail allows readers to develop a setting that fits with their lifestyle. Secondly, there is no... ...l of the relationship. Carver relies on the readers? knowledge of these popular stereotypes instead of telling you about each character. In conclusion, Carver ends with, ?In this manner, the issue was decided.? (266). The lack of explicit detail in ?Popular Mechanics? leaves the reader free to develop their own resolution. A different ending could be attached to every additional reading. Did the man take the baby? Did the woman? Was the baby hurt or killed? Due to the lack of detail this story could be read over and over and the reader could change the setting, plot and characterization each time. Carver takes into consideration a reader?s ability to be an active reader and their ability to incorporate their own ideas into his story. Thus, the need for lengthy detailed descriptions is not necessary, only a reader?s perception and imagination is needed.

The Influences of Family Communication Patterns on Adult Children

The Influences of Family Communication Patterns on Adult Children’s Perceptions of Romantic Behaviors by Michael Fowler, MS, Judy C. Pearson, Ph. D. , & Stephenson J. Beck, Ph. D. PART A SUMMARY The study of the researchers is to explore how family communication patterns influence the use of interpersonal behaviors for maintaining a committed romantic relationship for example dating, engaged or married. Specifically, the study examined the relationship between family communication pattern, rituals, and relational maintenance in adult children’s romantic relationships.The results of the study showed that co orientation and couple-time rituals were related. Conversation orientation was related to all seven relational maintenance behaviors. Finally, conformity orientation was related to conflict management. The research concludes that the family is considered the pinnacle relationship in the human experience (Floyd Mikkelson, & Judd, 2006). The family is where most communi cative behaviors are learned and developed (Bruner, 1990; Fitzpatrick & Caughlin, 2002).In addition, early family experiences affect later perceptions of behavior (Pecchioni et al. , 2006; Whitton et al. , 2008). This study demonstrates that family patterns may extend into both ritualized activities and to maintenance behaviors of adult children. Mundane behaviors that couples experience in their daily lives may contribute to the health of a relationship by providing a foundation for major couple events (Driver & Gottman, 2004). Part CAccording to the author, the family may well be the most important context for understanding communication since the family environment is where most communicative behaviors are learned and developed. Thus, it would seem plausible that communication patterns among family-of-origin members influence future relational behaviors. I agreed with the author as the family is the core of every children growing process where we observe what our parents do and w e tend to follow.As Koerner and Fitzpatrick (1997) state, â€Å"Families are children’s primary socialization agents† which family is the one who socialize with the children from the beginning as teaches them how to behave and their attitude which may influence future spousal interactions. As Huang (1999) points out, research has shown that family communication patterns and styles in? uence children’s attitudes and behaviors in a number of areas. In which it influence the family members on understanding of the social environment.

Free Essays on How Trasnportation Changed The U.S.

How Transportation Changed the U.S. The advent of transportation in the late 1800’s helped America progress as an industrialized nation. Not only had it helped the country with transportation, it had helped the country economically. Many forms of transportation had grown to different levels. Many of these forms included railroads, roads and canals. Canal routes built for commerce developed slowly in eastern Pennsylvania, and it was not until after the American Revolution that some thought was given to open the upper river regions to transportation canals. During this time the young country was growing into a powerful political and economic center, and until 1825 was growing to be one of the largest in on the western hemisphere. Transport of goods to markets there was critical to the development of the region's economy. Navigation was possible on the Delaware River as far north as Morrisville. The canals were most active during the 1830s to the 1860s. Use of canals slowly declined because of railroads, and portions were in operation until 1942. It was America's last and longest-operated use of transportation. The Delaware Canal ceased operation during the Great Depression and is today significant as the most intact, accessible, and watered canal in the nation. One hundred and sixty years later, much of the stonework of the canal's retaining walls and locks is still visible and the canal is capable of being fully watered. The first forms of road transport were horses or oxen carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. As time went by the roads changed from dirt to gravel - courtesy of the farmers. Horseback, horse and buggy, and horse and wagon were the ways to get around in the early days. Our economic growth and lifestyles are directly linked to transportation achievements over the last century as country’s transportation system has gone from mud to macadam and beyond. As the country's economy changed... Free Essays on How Trasnportation Changed The U.S. Free Essays on How Trasnportation Changed The U.S. How Transportation Changed the U.S. The advent of transportation in the late 1800’s helped America progress as an industrialized nation. Not only had it helped the country with transportation, it had helped the country economically. Many forms of transportation had grown to different levels. Many of these forms included railroads, roads and canals. Canal routes built for commerce developed slowly in eastern Pennsylvania, and it was not until after the American Revolution that some thought was given to open the upper river regions to transportation canals. During this time the young country was growing into a powerful political and economic center, and until 1825 was growing to be one of the largest in on the western hemisphere. Transport of goods to markets there was critical to the development of the region's economy. Navigation was possible on the Delaware River as far north as Morrisville. The canals were most active during the 1830s to the 1860s. Use of canals slowly declined because of railroads, and portions were in operation until 1942. It was America's last and longest-operated use of transportation. The Delaware Canal ceased operation during the Great Depression and is today significant as the most intact, accessible, and watered canal in the nation. One hundred and sixty years later, much of the stonework of the canal's retaining walls and locks is still visible and the canal is capable of being fully watered. The first forms of road transport were horses or oxen carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. As time went by the roads changed from dirt to gravel - courtesy of the farmers. Horseback, horse and buggy, and horse and wagon were the ways to get around in the early days. Our economic growth and lifestyles are directly linked to transportation achievements over the last century as country’s transportation system has gone from mud to macadam and beyond. As the country's economy changed...

Street Gangs Essays

Street Gangs Essays Street Gangs Essay Street Gangs Essay A street gang is a group of young people, with a common identity, and mainly engages in criminal activities.   Most members in a street gang are between the ages of 11 and 21.   These cohesive groups have a recognizable geographical territory, a leadership, levels of organized continuous criminal activities and a purpose.   The street gangs have a common identifying symbol and a known leadership who associate themselves with criminal activities. These groups have a very close relationship and they support one another in their delinquent behaviours. Street gangs may have the commission of one or more criminal acts including murder, firearms or explosives violations, obstruction of justice, narcotics distribution and other violent offenses such as carjacking, assault, burglary and threats. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). For a gang to be identified as a street gang it must have engaged in a collective of criminal activities.   Street gangs may be traditional, national, ethnic or geographical affiliated. These young adults use group intimidation and violence to perform criminal activities in order to earn power and control over certain activities.   These groups are usually unpredictable and unstructured.   Their activities sometimes have no financial gain or a hidden motive. In America, gang activity started in New York during the 19th century.   These gangs erupted form poor sections of the city and they were formed on strong ethnic identities, usually Irish.   Five paints is an example of a gang that was formed during this period.   They robbed, mugged and fought with others gangs.   During the 20th century, street gang activity became rampant although they were making composed of black or Hispanic origin.   During the 1950s and 1960s, those street gangs were found in major cities with European gangs vanishing. Narcotics and firearms became very prevalent in the 1970s and 1980’s.   Those two items attracted more teenagers to join the street gangs.   Firearms made street gangs more violent and increased criminal activities during that period. (Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C. A., Tobin, K. (2003). Street gangs were formed initially for self –protection of family and friends within the same neighbourhood but later progressed to criminal acts that provided a source of income.   Street gangs from different neighbourhool or ethnic groups have been involved in several violence acts against each other to gain power or control over a certain activity. Gangs form the same neighbourhoods have also been involved in vivacity and violence. The first original street gang was formed by a group of students as an informal sports organization in 1970.   The groups name as founded on the address where they lived.   In Chicago the first gangs were formed on ethnic lives by the volunteers of five departments.   The different department of five fighters competed against each other and formed gangs that were later taken to the street.   During the early 20th century, polish and Italian gangs became the most common in Chicago. European – American street gangs were formed in 1780s by young people who were sported hanging out on street corners.   These gangs were formed to protect their neighbor hoods from their rivals.   These groups basically fought for control over street corners and other open lots.   This is where they held their meetings.   The gangs, however, were not based on ethnicity because the same neighbourhood could have a host of nationalities.   These gangs emerged in cities where poor communities lives together. Young adults joined a street gang in order to feel a sense of belonging.   A gong promised to give its members identity. Belonging, wealth, discipline and drugs.   Other young people join the gangs out of fear and intimidations from their peers. (Duffy, M. P. Gillig, S. E. (Eds.). (2004). Street gangs are divided in three major groups based on location, activities and entry requirements.   Ethnic gangs are based on nationality or race of the members. Most ethnic gangs unite on the basis of the ethnicities they hate.   The skinhead gangs and Neo-Nazi gangs both have hatred for Jews, blacks and non-protestant Christians.   Turf gangs are defined by the territories depending on the location of the neighbourhood.   The gangs name themselves by the areas they control and punish gangs that wander into their territory.   These territory barriers have been the cause of many rivalry and violence between street gangs. Prison gangs are formed when members of a street gang are arrested and taken to prison. Members from the same street gang may form a common gang or join other larger street gangs in the prison. Gang members attract children and young teenagers by showing off their lucrative lifestyles and amounts of money. These street gangs recruit young children who are unsuspecting to use them for trafficking drugs and carrying weapons, because they do not attract much attention form the police.   Street gangs recruit their members by performing an initiation; new members have to endure some rites which include â€Å"Jumping in†.   This is when a new member is beaten up by all old gang members.   The new members can also be told to participate in a mission such as steering or killing someone.   Some street gangs have a tattoo gang symbols which new members are required to get. The lifestyle of street gang members involve drinking and doing drugs, hanging around the neighbourhood and sleeping late at night.   During their meetings street gangs sell drugs and commit crimes like breaking stores and theft.   Street gangs believe that to gain power and respect they must commit violent crimes.   Street gangs have signs and ways of identifying themselves and these include similar modes of dressing or having a particular gang colour.   For example the vice Lord’s wear black as their symbol. Street gangs have their own graffiti which symbolize them.   They make these graffiti all around their neighbourhoods to mark heir territories. Street gang believes that invading another gang’s territory and marking it with their symbol or oven destroying their symbol is unforgivable and it calls for war.   Gangs that want to street gangs have hand signals which signify gang membership and loyalty. Graffiti is the commonest way of gang members to communicate.   Graffiti provides adequate information about a gang’s membership and the gang’s growth.   Many street gangs refer to graffiti as their newspaper for communicating messages, warnings or announcements.   Some gangs use secret codes and alphabets as their symbols which can only be interpreted by gang members. (Tovares, R. D. (2002). Tattoos are a common practice used among street gangs to show their membership.   These tattoos are adopted as a way of expressing loyalty to the gang.   All street gangs today are involved in drug trafficking.   Gang members sell drugs and alcohol to earn income.   They are also involved in acts of violence such as robbery and theft.   Members of street gangs are involved in drug abuse activities apart form seeking them   in fact the commonest practice among street gangs is trafficking and use of drugs, street gangs have started recruiting young children to traffic drugs and carry firearms and weapons because, the police do not suspect children much. Street gangs have initiations which are used to recruit new members into the gang.   These initiation ceremonies involve violent acts, where new members are beaten up by all old gang members.   These initiations are very brutal and may result to death or permanent injury.   Some street gangs do not accept a new member, unless he has killed someone or stolen a car.   For women and young girls to be accepted in a street gang, they are forced to have sex with the men in the gangs and other times they are raped.   Just like getting into a gang is difficult, getting out is more difficult and a gang member may be killed on deciding to leave the gang. Some street gang practices are very brutal and heartless. Gang members aim at leaving permanent scares on their victims.   One merciless practice performed by street gangs is the ‘Buck 50’, in this practice a member will slash another person’s face deeply, usually requiring around 50 stitches to repair. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). Street gangs are highly concentrated in large urban areas. Those urban areas provide a conducive environment for gang activity.   The activity includes drug trafficking, selling firearms, stealing cars and robberies.   In the urban areas different street gangs will fight for control of a particular street corners which is well hidden form the activities.   Street gangs are righting populated in areas overwhelmed by poverty in the urban areas.   Street gangs usually originated from slum areas or less developed areas.   The youth in a certain neighbourhood may decide to form a gang with the innocent intention that they gang will be used to protect its members and also be a source of income. Street gangs can also be formed by teenagers in schools.   Schools that are found in highly populated cities stricken with poverty have a high tendency of forming street gangs.   Schools in urban areas form.   Street gangs move often than schools in urban areas form.   Street gangs move often than schools in rural areas.   School children in urban areas are used to traffic drugs by drug peddlers in the cities and as a result they accumulate the children in the street gangs.   Belonging to street gang is a major achievement for school going children.   They feel they have power and control by assessing drugs in schools.   Being in contact with the known drug peddlers also makes them respect among their colleagues. The MS-B street gang is the most violent street gang in the United States today.   It is mainly composed of Mexican nationals.   It is also the most largest street gang in the united state.   The 18th street gang is also a well known street gang in the United States which used violence and intimidation to spread narcotics its territory. Mara Salvatrucha is a street gang which is not afraid or intimidated easily by the authority.   This gang has been responsible for shooting several law enforcement offices and executing federal agents who interfere with its activities. Black gangster disciples, vice lords and Almighty Latin kings all based in Chicago are very notorious in drug trafficking.   They are known to use violence to control their territories and spread drugs and firearms.   Other notorious gangs in the united state include Hoover crisp, bounty Hunter Bloods and Rolling 60s crisp.   Those street gangs have very well structured organizations in their drug operation. (Wiener, V. (1999).   These organizations involve the authority and become very difficult to penetrate and break.   The organization mainly involves young adults who are used to channel profits to the top of the organization.   What makes the street gangs lucrative is the thousand of outlet in major neighbourhoods, millions of potential new customers and the always readily available jobs. Street gangs have caused a lot of violence among the public and disrupted so man lives. Robbery, carjacking, mobbing, vandalizing are some of the activities performed by these gangs.   Ã‚   Street gangs have rules among them that warn against trusting the future. Their unconcern for personal safety and other delinquent behaviors are weak concepts of future stability. Street gang members are ware that any thing can erupt without warning but still they lack any future expectations. Control or be controlled is another rule used by street gang members. They believe in respect and that one has to control another person and gain respect or be controlled by the other person and respect them. Gang members will use money, violence and disrespect the authority to gain control over a territory. This rule implies people outside the gang to mimic the lifestyle of gang members. It also inspires gang members to use abuse and violence and protect their geographical territory. This rule of control or be controlled has also created very stable relationships in a gang. Street gangs have a rule that enable them to treat insiders and outsiders differently. Members of the same gang use symbols like graffiti, similar ways of dressing, hand signals and a common language for identity. This enables them to distinguish the insider from the outsider. Street gangs use this rule to create identity, belonging, security and acceptance. It also brings unity and loyalty in the gang because they express their frustration and anger on the outsiders. Most street gangs are unsophisticated with a structure that is more horizontal than vertical. The characteristics of street gangs are very exposing. Their leadership is more expected and their ways to resolve conflicts is based on power and revenge. Street gangs have been categorized in three major groups. These include first generation gangs, second generation gangs and third generation gangs. The first generation gangs are based on territories and turfs. Their main concern is to protect their neighborhoods and gain small petty cash.   This category of street gangs rarely engages in criminal acts but when they do, they base it on locality and societal violence. The second generation of street gangs is usually business oriented. Their main aim is business and commercial gain. Unlike the first generations that has a loose leadership; the leadership in second generation is more sophisticated and centralized. Members target more on drug trafficking. These gangs extend their operations beyond their neighborhoods and cities and use high violence to control and protect their markets. Second Generation Street gangs use violence to incapacitate law enforcement efforts that are directed against them and as a result they have brought in security in communities. They are also known to be involved with larger transnational criminal organizations. Third Generation Street gangs are larger with broader drug markets and more sophisticated criminal organizations. These gangs have broader political objectives and acquire political control over areas of their interest that the poorly governed. Control of political powers provides security and freedom of the gang activities. The gang leaders in these gangs act more like warlords or drug barons because they gain control of a specific political region and as a result take treasures to protect the gang’s movement’s and activities. The third generation street gangs have succeeded in reconstructing a nation’s government politically, socially and economically. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). Street gangs have caused a lot of havoc in the society by bringing violence, drug trafficking, recruitment of young children and political assassinations.

I did attachment. For all my decument. I want you to do for me just Essay - 2

I did attachment. For all my decument. I want you to do for me just part (3) And (4) - Essay Example A precise example of which would be a scenario where we needed to work as a group and deliver a study related on the biggest effect of early childhood education. Clearly, there are a lot of benefits of which, two of both that immediately came to mind would be economic and social. Two people from the group strongly believed in each and they argued about which had more impact on society. In the situation, no one seems to give way for the other to lay down their points and instantly rested on a conclusion to prove their points. This fighting resulted to a delayed work done, decreased the chances of learning from the two options, and marred a peer to peer relationship. For me, the most important part of the process of resolving a conflict would not be the solution one reaches, instead, would be the process of opening one’s mind to new learning that is different from what one initially had in mind. An example of which would be when we had to promote and ignite people to contribute to a charity event in a sustainable manner which our school was partnering with. Some people believed that the message to be reflected on communication materials would be that â€Å"these unfortunate people need their help†. On the other hand, some came up with an interesting slant by reversing the message which is â€Å"every person’s need to do something meaningful and fulfilling†. This conflict was solved by merging the two equally important messages. Part 4. I have interviewed teachers and at the same time administrators of the school. Some of the conflicts that we’ve all experienced in the workplace would be the amount each person thinks he or she is doing as compared to others, getting appreciation, communicating action plans for certain goals, willingness to consider non-traditional way of doing things, and providing constructive criticisms. People reacted to these conflicts,

Partnership With The Patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Partnership With The Patient - Essay Example Upon the arrival of the consultant, a CT scan was carried out and came out alright. The respiratory team was as well called to assess the patient.  When the hand-over was done the following day, I was again allocated the patient for continuity of care. The patient’s condition remained the same. The patient’s family was then involved to speak to the patient in mother tongue to see if it was going to help in bringing back patient. The respiratory team did a follow-up and the GCS improved through the involvement of family and healthcare teams. In the process of working with the patient, I was able to develop my understanding of respiration and the procedures of a patient being in the coma.  At about 17:00, the patient came out of the coma, the GCS went back to 14/15 and the neurological observation was fine. Even though the patient was not speaking, I was pleased with the result of the shift worked.  I clean my hands every time I attend to a patient and use the steri lizers to make sure the patient is not infected. This includes thorough cleaning and removing of blood spillages and any other body fluids to ensure the maximum safety of patients. Without cleaning spillages, infections will spread to the patient (Department of Health 2003).  I ensured that every time I cleaned and stored at appropriate place the care equipment so as to also reduce the spread of infections. Equipment is very useful and important. If it not cleaned and kept well, it can put the life of patient at risk (Burnard & Gill 2008). I utilised personal equipment also for protection to prevent infections. To further prevent infections, I ensure that I dispose of any waste during my daily routine of providing healthcare support.  Used linen always spreads infections in most cases and to prevent that, I was extra cautious when removing it and disposing (Naidoo & Wills 2005).