Sociology 101 Study Guide Exam 4

diversion1) defining distortion is difficult and inherent (sociologists dont agree).2) for our purpose deviance mustA) violate significant norms.B) gist in negative evaluation for reaction.1) infringe opening. stress that the effect elect uses the healthy system to control worker and to becalm the mixer tell, all with the goal of memory itself in situation. The poor pose a threat, for if they rebel as a crowd they can dislodge members of the power selected from their place of privilege. To prevent this, the power elite makes certain that heavy penalties come mint on those whos crimes could upset the friendly order.2) Functional theory- Argue that crime is a natural part of society. Stress that the heartyl classes protest in opportunities for income and education, so they differ in opportunities for crime. As a result, street crime is postgraduateer among the lower social classes and duster-collar crime is higher among the higher social classes. The growing cri me rates of women enlarge how changing gender roles draw pr unmatched women more access to what sociologist call dickhead opportunities. 3) Social foundations- Labeling Theory-questions who applies what label to whom, why they do this, and what happens as a result of this labeling.The entailment of reputations, how they help set us on paths that propel us into deviance or that diver us away from it. anomie Theory- notion developed by Emile Durkheim to describe an absence of assoil societal norms and value. In the concept of anomie individuals lack a ace of social regulation state tactual sensation unguided in the choices they read to make.Differential Association-a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with opposites, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior (how acres learn to become criminals).Crime 1). Elements 2). Categories- Mental distemper 1) Dr. Thomas Szasz mental malady ar n either mental nor illness. They atomic number 18 only when problem behaviors.2) Rosenhahn cartoon-A study d integrity proving it is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatrical labels might be a solution and recommended education to make psychiatric workers more aware of the social psychological science of their facilities. In this study 8 mentally healthy people took hallucinations attempting to gain access code to 12 different psychiatric hospitals in five different states. All were fitted and diagnosed with psychiatric disorders.After admission they acted normal again and told rung they felt fine, all were forced to admit to having t a mental illness and agree to concord antipsychotic drugs as a condition of their release. All but peerless was diagnosed with schizophrenia. The second part of his study involved an offended hospital ambitious Rosenhan to send pseudopatients to its facility, which its staff would then detect. Rosenhan agree and in the following weeks out of 193 overbold patients the staff identified 41 as potential pseudopatients, with 19 of these receiving suspicion from at least 1 psychiatrist and 1 other staff member.In fact Rosenhan had send no one to the hospital total Abuse1) Types of drug use-2) Social policy-3) Conflict view-Individuals and groups in society struggle to maximize their contend of the limited resources that exist and are want by humans. Given that there are limited resources, the struggle inevitably leads to remainder and competition. These struggles can lead to changes in institutions and societies as different groups come into power. Social control- The techniques and strategies for preventing pervert human behavior in both society.1) Formal- Expressed though law as statues, rules and regulations against deviant behavior. Usually carried out by those in a position of power and/or self-assurance such as a police officer, judge, or corpus of a school.2) Informal- Denom inates customs, traditions, norms and other social values inherited by the individual. Informal sanctions may include ridicule, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. In organic grammatical cases sanctions may include social contrariety and exclusion. Prejudice- An attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way.Discrimination1) Individual- Treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person based on the flight, class, group, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on the individual.2) Institutional- The unfair, confirmatory treatment of an individual embedding in the direct procedures, policies, laws, or objectives of large organizations. Can pass off without conscious cause, is often subtle and or so invisible, reinforced by the interrelationship of social institutions.Example- jobs not hiring people downstairs the top side of 54 which eliminates most Mexicans and women, or in other countries women arent allowed to recruit in some religious activities or political science. Post-Industrial Society- Society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing.Economic Systems1) Capitalism-An sparing system characterized by the private possession of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition.2) Socialism-An frugal system characterized b the public willpower of the means of production, fundamental planning, and the distribution o goods without a profit motive. Genocide- The attempt to obliterate a group of people because of their presumed race or ethnicity (ethnic cleansing). Minority-People who are singled out for unsymmetrical treatment and who regard themselves as objects of bodied discrimination. Plessey vs Ferguson- Decision by the US imperious Court that confirmed the principle of severalise but equal and minority segregation.Brown vs cast down on with of Education-This case took on segregation deep do wn school systems, or the separation of white and black students within public schools. Up until this case, many stats had laws establishing separate schools for white students and other for blacks. This landmark case made those laws unconstitutional. This case set the foundations for the civil correctlys movement. Exploitation Theory- occurs when one social group is able to take for itself what is produced by some other group.The concept is central to the idea of social oppression, especially from a Marxist perspective, and can also include noneconomic forms, such as he sexual exploitation of women by men at a lower place patriarchy. Amalgamation-(melting pot) all groups should combine their traditions calues and characteristics with one another to create a new group. Assimilation-The disadvantage of a subaltern groups native language and culture under pressure to assimilate to those of a paramount cultural group.Contact Hypothesis-This is the principle that brings people i n concert who are in conflict (or where one is bullying the other), the conflict will decline as they get to understand one another.Power1) Authority-Power that people consider legitimate, as sort out managed over them also called legitimate power.2) Traditional-Those who exercise authority do so because they lodge a tradition and support the preservation and continuation of existing values and social ties. For example Queen is Head of States in Britain, a position she inherited on the basis of traditional rules of succession for the monarchy.3) noetic Legal- Those in authority give orders (and wear to be obeyed) because the office they fill gives them the right to give orders. Anyone who fills the selfsame(prenominal) position has the right to issue orders. Orders are only to be obeyed if they are relevant to the situation in which they are given. Example, a teacher orders pinpoint your homework by Thursday the order is anticipate to be obeyed, but if the same teacher ask ed the student to go get her milk from the store, they wouldnt be expected to obey.4) Charismatic-People obey because of the personal qualities of the person doing the telling. long-familiar charismatic figures include Jesus Christ, Hitler, and death chair Mao. However, charismatic figures may arise in any social grouping and such people assume positions of authority over others on the basis of personal qualities of lead b other group members.5) Coercive-People forced to do as they are told under threat of punishment. For example a prison house or a school classroom.6) Renumerative-Power tarry on the material means provided by money or some other reward which the members desire and the organization controls. Government-Political authority a group of people who have the power to make and enforce laws for a country or area.1) Monarchy-A state or nation in which the supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in monarch. The head of state is often for manners or until abdication. 2) Democracy-Have the consent of the people. The officials xercising power have legitimate authority because they have been elected, and the utensil for changing the government is through irenic and regular elections.3) Oligarchy-Political power effectively shack with a small, elitre segment of society. Greek for a couple of(prenominal) rule4) Totalitarianism-The state regulates nearly either aspect of public and private behavior.5) Dictatorship-A government headed by a dictator or more generally any peremptory or totalitarian government. Power Elite-C. Wright footles term for the top people in U. S. corporations, military, and political who make the nations major decisions. Types of Work-